Farmers’ Participation in Modern Supply Chains: The Case of Mandarin Profitability in Punjab-Pakistan

In developing countries, supply chains are rapidly transforming. However, smallholder farmers, in particular, have experienced mixed impacts inclusion and exclusion from modern (MSC). Therefore, by taking Pakistan’s mandarin industry as a case, this study aims to analyze the farmers’ efficiency inclusiveness compare them across farm size categories, i.e., small, medium, large. For that purpose, cross-sectional data 300 farmers were collected test posit objectives. The empirical investigation was made using endogenous treatment effect model propensity score matching approach. Findings show large prefer participate MSC, driven contractors, processors or exporters. Conversely, smallholders more inclined traditional (TSCs), village vendors, local retailers/consumers, middlemen, fruit vegetable markets. results also revealed positive connection between MSC. Orchard size, education, off-farm income, extension services positively impact profitability. terms of an increase profitability, improvement can benefit resource-poor who make up 74% total sample. these noteworthy for devising policy actions facilitate agri-food alleviate rural poverty ensure wellbeing.